Snail
Humans have been consuming snails for thousands of years. They are very high in proteins, iron and water but are low in Fat. Snail consumption is popular in various countries around the world. Presently, global snail farming or heliciculture industry achieves sales of greater than 12 billion US dollars annually. Fresh water snails have traditionally been used by people as a means of food. A land snail, Iberus alonensis, from Benidorm, Spain, has the earliest record of using snails as food, dating back to the late Pleistocene and Holocene ages. As a human food source, there have been records of snail farming in Europe since Roman times, and in South Asian countries during World War II.
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2. History of snails as food
According to different archaeological surveys and evidences, it is known that ancient humans ate snails as piles of empty snail shells have been recovered from many pre-historic sites. A study revealed that snails used to be an extra food source for Palaeolithic humans in spain. For over 30,000 years, the Iberus aloneness snail has played a role in the gastronomy of Spain. The Benidorm area of Spain is believed to be the first recorded place where humans consumed snails. Around 10,000 years later, people along the Mediterranean coast of Northern Africa, Italy, France, Greece and the Middle East were eating snails. Fresh water snails have traditionally been used by people as a means of food. A land snail, Iberus alonensis, from Benidorm, Spain, has the earliest record of using snails as food, dating back to the late Pleistocene and Holocene ages. As a human food source, there have been records of snail farming in Europe since Roman times, and in South Asian nations during World War II.
Actually, in many European countries, including France, the Netherlands, Belgium and Italy, as well as Latin America, Asia and Africa, snails are considered a delicacy.
Snail caviar is an item of luxury food that has seen rising demand in Europe. The words used for snail farming are Heliculture or Heliciculture, mainly for the consumption of flesh and eggs and for the use of slime for cosmetic purposes.
3. Major snail consuming countries
The countries in which snail is used in food and various stuffs like, Abalone is a common feature of Chinese cuisine and are called Bao Yu in mandarin. There is other type of snails eaten in China, too and it’s not just the Chinese. The Kiwis, Brits, Americans, and plenty of other people eat it. It is known as Paua in New Zealand and Ormer in the UK. In the Bahamas, conch is eaten raw and is often viewed as an aphrodisiac. In Vietnam, snails are a common pastime food. There are stalls set up that feature a wide variety of snails and apple snails are commonly eaten. In Japan, Turbo snails, whelks and abalone are eaten as sashimi. The Romans popularized snail eating in Europe and it is now a feature of Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Greek and of course French cuisine. In Korea, whelks are eaten and there is also the dalseulgi (Semisulcospira libertina) and bladder moon snail which are commonly eaten. In Africa, the Giant African Land Snail (Achatina fulica) is eaten and it is a staple of Nigerian cuisine. In the USA, there are conch fritters, boiled periwinkles and a variety of water snails available on the seafood market. Conch were commonly eaten by the aboriginal Americans and in some places, the tribes have left their marks by leaving piles of shells.
4. Nutritional value and health benefits of Snails
A 3-ounce serving of cooked snails delivers 76 calories with No Cholestrol or sugar as well as 1/3rd of daily Vitamin-E requirement of an adult. It promotes the production of red blood cells that benefits muscle and tissue growth. Additionally, it can provide one half of daily recommended selenium intake. Selenium is an antioxidant mineral that helps in preventing heart diseases and thyroid. Snails also have high mineral content. A single serving of escargot provides 1/6th of daily requirement of iron, 10% of potassium, 1/3rd of phosphorous and 2/3rd of magnesium. Snails also contain a chemical named Tryptophan which is healthy for Brain and is also a good mood booster.
5. Fresh water snails consumption in India
Wild species of freshwater snails and calms are widely harvested in underdeveloped nations and eaten by economically and socially challenged societies as a cheap source of protein. India has a tradition of tribal groups eating snails especially from the marine, central and north eastern areas.
In the southern part of India, different classes of snails are eaten by coastal populations, such as snails, clams, oysters and squids. In the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, West Bengal and the entire northeastern region, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, snails (gastropods) are commonly preferred.
Studies have shown that snails are rich in calcium and significant quantities of phosphorus, iron and zinc, especially in species such as Pomacea canaliculata, Pila globosa, etc.
In Tamil Nadu and other coastal areas, freshwater snails belonging to the genus Pila are eaten both for food and for medicinal purposes.
6. Fresh Water Snails as a traditional food in North Bengal:
During the winter and monsoon seasons, snails are mainly hand-picked from ponds, streams and marshy areas. In addition, snails are obtained during monsoons exclusively from paddy fields.
Women are the majority of the vendors offering freshwater snails.
According to the locals, the number of people selling snails during the monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon (October to February) seasons is higher than during the summer season (March to May).
Snails are sold in many parts of northeast India as well, not only in the major markets, but also on the roadside and in small markets. Snails are either already packaged in packages of one kilogram or sold loose as needed by the user.
Depending on the species, the average cost of snails during the off-season is about 50 to 100 Indian rupees per cup and 20 to 50 Indian rupees during the monsoon and after-monsoon seasons.
7. Medicinal uses of Fresh water Snails:
Tribal groups assume that snail intake increases or helps preserve healthy eyesight and proper functioning of the kidneys. In poultry fodder, crushed snail shells are also added as a strong calcium substitute to improve the development of eggs.
There are several other factors as already seen in the global markets where snail’s mucus is used widely in the cosmetic industry as well.
Hence, this field also has lots of areas for research especially the medicinal properties which needs to be reconsider and find out any possibilities which would be a great help in the field of science and medicines.
8. Snail farming a great option in Indian market:
Freshwater snails are harvested from thousands of wild populations. Sadly, there is no updated list of many Indian freshwater snails species, especially those harvested.
According to Locals opinion stocks of freshwater snails are declining and they also consider this may be due to over-harvesting. Snail faming may be applied in the areas of North Bengal, Assam, the other states of North east as well as the South India to fulfil the needs of local communities.
The snail farming market can flourish more in the Indian market in comparison to other global countries as this would help the tribal communities to expand its traditional food market. In a way this can even help India follow its “Atma Nirbhar” path as well.
In order to determine population trends, long-term population surveys on freshwater snails in the wild must also be conducted. Pollution, dam building and habitat loss endanger freshwater habitats in the north eastern region of India.
So let’s save our traditional food and culture and make our nations independent from all sorts of taboos related especially to Traditional or tribal foods.
9. Climate and soil required for proper snail cultivation
Snails flourish in mild climate (55-77°F) and high humidity about 75% – 95%. Although most varieties of snails are tolerant to climate but for cultivation purpose high yield is necessary which can be obtained only by providing favourable conditions for their growth and production. If temperature falls below 7°C the snails hibernate. Below 12°C the snails are inactive and blow 10 growth stops. Temperature above 27°C or too much dry conditions result in snails to aestivate. Wind is bad for snails as it speeds up moisture loss and snails must retain moisture to survive. Snails thrive in damp and waterlogged conditions and thus well-drained soil is required. Various researches indicated that 80% of humidity and 80% of water carrying capacity is the most favourable condition. Mist spraying devices and sprayers may be used to maintain the humidity and temperature. Also if the system contains alive vegetation the leaves should be wet. The soil composition should consist of neither too much clay nor too much sand as hard soil is difficult for them to dig and sand has very big pore spaces hence the water is drained excessively. The presence of 20-40% of organic matter stimulates higher growth and cation exchange capacity of calcium as well as magnesium increases. The pH must be around 7 neither acidic nor basic. There should be adequate amount of calcium in the soil so that the primary constituent of shell demand can be completed and growth is not retarded. Addition of limestone to the soil can greatly improvise the calcium content of the soil. Calcium may also be set in tough or feeding fish so that snails can feed into it. Moreover, addition of polyacrylamide to the soil also can improvise soil health. Soil mix may contain peat, clay, compost and CaCo3 The soil may be provided with leaf mould at 7 pH.
10. Market value in India and export
There are different varieties of snails which are widely consumed by peoples in different parts of India.The north-east states such as ArunachalaPradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim are consumers of snails. Moreover, peoples from parts of west Bengal, Odisha and many restaurants prefer to serve their guests with delicious snail cuisine.Indian Economy is agricultural economy, countries 70% of the population is dependent on Agriculture.Export market is very big for snail in foreign markets. It can greatly contribute to the income of country. There is a great potential for export market in snail cultivation sector.
11. A. How to Start Snail Farming
Snail farming, also known as heliculture, is a lucrative agricultural venture that involves the rearing and breeding of snails for commercial purposes. Snails are highly sought after for their nutritional value and are consumed as a delicacy in many cultures around the world. This article will guide you through the process of starting your own snail farm, from selecting the right species to marketing and selling your products.
Snail farming is the practice of raising snails in a controlled environment for commercial purposes. It is an emerging agricultural sector with increasing demand due to the various benefits associated with snail consumption.
B. Why Start Snail Farming?
There are several reasons why starting a snail farm can be a profitable venture. Firstly, snails are a highly nutritious food source, rich in protein, iron, and low in fat. Secondly, snail farming requires minimal space and can be done on a small scale, making it accessible to both rural and urban farmers. Additionally, snails reproduce quickly, allowing for continuous production and a steady income stream.
12. Benefits of Snail Farming
A.Economic Benefits
Snail farming offers numerous economic benefits. The demand for snails is high, both locally and internationally, creating a potential market for farmers. Snails can be sold as live animals or processed into various products such as canned snail meat, snail powder, or snail-based cosmetics. By tapping into this market, farmers can generate a stable income and contribute to their local economy.
B. Environmental Benefits
Snail farming is an environmentally friendly practice. Snails require minimal water and feed, making them highly efficient in resource utilization. Unlike traditional livestock farming, snail farming has a low carbon footprint and does not contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, snails can be reared using organic and natural methods, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
C. Nutritional Benefits
Snails are a rich source of essential nutrients. They are high in protein, containing all the amino acids required for human nutrition. Snails are also a good source of iron, calcium, and vitamins such as vitamin A and vitamin E. Including snail meat in a balanced diet can provide numerous health benefits, such as improving iron levels and boosting the immune system
13. Choosing the Right Snail Species
Selecting the appropriate snail species is crucial for a successful snail farming venture. While there are thousands of snail species worldwide, some are more suitable for farming due to their growth rate, adaptability, and market demand.
A. Common Snail Species for Farming
- Helix aspersa: Also known as the garden snail or brown garden snail, it is one of the most popular snail species for farming.
2. Achatina fulica: Commonly referred to as the giant African land snail, it is favored for its fast growth rate and large size.
B. Factors to Consider in Selection
When choosing a snail species, consider factors such as the climatic conditions in your region, the availability of feed, market demand, and the legal requirements for snail farming in your area. Consult with local agricultural experts or experienced snail farmers to determine the most suitable species for your farm.
14. Setting Up the Snail Farm
To establish a successful snail farm, several factors need to be considered, including the location, snail housing, and environmental conditions.
A. Suitable Location
Snails thrive in specific environmental conditions. They prefer areas with mild temperatures ranging between 20-25°C (68-77°F). The farm location should provide protection from extreme weather conditions, such as strong winds, heavy rains, or prolonged exposure to direct sunlight.
B. Snail Housing and Enclosure
Snails require suitable housing and enclosure to ensure their well-being and prevent escape. The enclosure should be securely fenced and provide adequate ventilation. It is essential to create a favorable microclimate within the enclosure by maintaining optimal humidity levels and ensuring proper drainage.
C. Climate and Environmental Conditions
Snails are sensitive to climatic variations. The chosen location should have a climate that supports snail growth and reproduction. Adequate rainfall or a reliable water supply is necessary to maintain the moisture levels required for snail survival. In regions with harsh winters, additional heating or insulation may be required to protect snails from extreme cold.
15. Feeding and Nutrition
Proper feeding and nutrition are vital for the health and growth of snails. Snails are herbivorous creatures that feed on a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits.
A. Snail Diet and Feeding Habits
Snails primarily feed on green leafy plants, such as cabbage, lettuce, and spinach. They also consume fruits like apples, bananas, and citrus fruits. It is important to provide a balanced diet to ensure optimal growth and reproduction. Avoid feeding snails with toxic plants or plants treated with pesticides, as this can harm their health.
B. Snail Diet and Feeding Habits
Nutritional Requirements
Snails require a diet rich in calcium to develop strong shells. Calcium supplements, such as crushed eggshells or powdered limestone, can be provided to ensure the snails have access to this essential mineral. Additionally, snails need access to clean, fresh water at all times to prevent dehydration.
16. Snail Reproduction and Breeding
Understanding the life cycle and reproductive habits of snails is crucial for successful breeding.
A. Life Cycle of Snails
Snails are hermaphrodites, meaning they possess both male and female reproductive organs. They lay eggs in clusters, which hatch into small snails. The time it takes for snails to reach maturity and reproduce varies depending on the species and environmental conditions.
B. Breeding Techniques
To encourage snail reproduction, provide suitable conditions such as optimal temperature, humidity, and a nutritious diet. Snails can be bred in controlled environments, such as breeding pens or enclosures designed specifically for egg laying. Regular monitoring of the breeding process and the health of the offspring is essential for maintaining a productive snail farm.
17. Snail Management and Care
To ensure the overall well-being of the snails and maximize their growth potential, proper management and care are necessary.
A. Health and Disease Prevention
Snails are susceptible to certain diseases and parasites. Implementing good hygiene practices, such as regular cleaning of the enclosure, removal of feces, and providing a clean water source, can help prevent disease outbreaks. Quarantining new snails before introducing them to the main population is also advisable to avoid introducing potential diseases.
B. Managing Growth and Development
Monitor the growth and development of the snails regularly. Remove any undersized or weak snails from the population to prevent overcrowding and ensure adequate space and resources for healthy snails. Regularly check for signs of malnutrition, disease, or stress and take appropriate measures to address any issues promptly.
C. Harvesting Techniques
Snails reach marketable size at different stages depending on the species and growth rate. Harvesting should be done carefully to minimize stress and injury to the snails. Snails can be hand-picked or collected using specially designed traps. Clean the harvested snails thoroughly before packaging and distribution.
18. Marketing and Selling Snails
To make your snail farming venture profitable, you need to develop effective marketing strategies and identify potential market opportunities.
A. Finding Market Opportunities
Research the local demand for snails and explore potential market channels. Consider selling directly to consumers, supplying restaurants and food vendors, or establishing partnerships with local grocery stores. Promote the nutritional benefits of snail meat and differentiate your products from competitors through quality and packaging.
B. Packaging and Distribution
Proper packaging and presentation play a crucial role in attracting customers. Consider using eco-friendly packaging materials that maintain the quality and freshness of the snails. Develop a distribution network that ensures prompt delivery to customers while maintaining product integrity.
19. Potential Challenges in Snail Farming
Snail farming, like any other agricultural venture, comes with its own set of challenges. Being aware of these challenges can help you proactively address them.
A. Pest and Predators
Snails are susceptible to predation by birds, rodents, and other animals. Implement measures to protect the snails, such as installing fences, using nets, or creating predator-proof enclosures.
B. Environmental Factors
Extreme weather conditions, such as drought or heavy rains, can negatively impact snail farming. Develop contingency plans to protect the snails during adverse weather events, such as providing shade or shelter.
C. Challenges and Solutions in Starting Snail Farming
Starting a snail farming, venture can be an exciting and profitable endeavor. However, like any agricultural business, it comes with its own set of challenges. Understanding these challenges and having effective solutions in place is essential for the success of your snail farm. Let’s explore some common challenges faced by snail farmers and their corresponding solutions:
20. Lack of Knowledge and Experience
- A. Challenge: Many aspiring snail farmers may lack adequate knowledge and experience in snail farming techniques, breeding, and management.
B. Solution: Educate yourself about snail farming through research, training programs, and connecting with experienced snail farmers. Attend workshops, seminars, or webinars that provide insights into the best practices of snail farming. Seek guidance from agricultural extension services or local agricultural experts who can provide valuable advice and support.
2. Availability of Suitable Land
Challenge: Finding suitable land for snail farming can be a challenge, especially in urban areas where space is limited.
Solution: Explore alternative options such as utilizing backyard spaces, unused land, or setting up snail farms in containers or raised beds. Vertical farming techniques can also be considered to maximize space utilization. Collaborate with local authorities or landowners to secure appropriate land for your snail farm.
3. Climate and Environmental Factors
A. Challenge:
Snails are sensitive to climatic conditions, and unsuitable environments can affect their growth and reproduction.
B. Solution
: Choose snail species that are well-suited to your local climate. Consider creating controlled environments, such as greenhouses or shade nets, to regulate temperature, humidity, and protect snails from extreme weather conditions. Implement proper ventilation systems to ensure adequate airflow within the snail housing.
4. Sourcing Quality Breeding Stock
A. Challenge: Finding quality breeding stock of snails that exhibit desirable traits can be challenging.
B. Solution: Connect with reputable snail breeders or established snail farms to source healthy and genetically superior breeding stock. Ensure the snails are free from diseases or parasites. Consider starting your own snail breeding program to maintain a self-sufficient supply of high-quality breeding stock.
5. Feeding and Nutritio
Challenge: Providing a balanced and nutritious diet for snails can be challenging, especially during certain seasons or in areas with limited vegetation.
Solution: Cultivate or source a variety of suitable food plants such as lettuce, cabbage, or other leafy greens. Supplement the diet with calcium-rich foods like crushed eggshells or commercially available snail feeds. Ensure access to clean, fresh water at all times to prevent dehydration.
6. Pest and Disease Management
Challenge: Snails are susceptible to pests, predators, and diseases that can negatively impact their health and productivity.
Solution: Implement preventive measures such as regular cleaning of the snail housing, removing feces, and maintaining good hygiene practices. Use organic pest control methods or natural predators to manage pests. Quarantine new snails before introducing them to the main population to prevent the spread of diseases.
7. Market Access and Demand
A. Challenge: Finding suitable markets and establishing a customer base for your snail products can be challenging, especially for new farmers.
B. Solution: Research local and international markets to identify potential buyers, including restaurants, hotels, supermarkets, and direct consumers. Build partnerships with local businesses or join farmer associations to access wider distribution networks. Invest in effective marketing strategies, such as creating a website, social media presence, or participating in local food fairs or exhibitions.
21. Financial Management
A. Challenge: Managing the financial aspects of starting a snail farm, including initial investment, operational costs, and cash flow, can be challenging for new farmers.
B. Solution: Develop a detailed business plan that includes cost estimates, revenue projections, and contingency plans. Seek financial assistance from banks, agricultural grants, or investment programs specifically designed for small-scale farmers. Implement effective financial management practices to track expenses, income, and profitability.
22. Conclusion
Snail cultivation does not require any special arrangement hence is cost-friendly, it also does not require any special care and feed though, it provides a good financial support to the farmer. It can be a good side business for the farmers. Snail has also wide range of nutritional value hence it is good optional supplement for people. It has great potential for export market as many Asian, African, American and European countries have huge number of snail consumers. Indian farmers can export their cultivated variety of snail and can get good amount of money and also it will contribute to the country’s GDP.
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